Effects of 2-12alkyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2, 5-diene-1, 4-dione(DMDD)on diffuse large B lymphoma and its mechanism / 中国应用生理学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of 2-12alkyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione(DMDD) on diffuse large B lymphoma (DLBCL).@*METHODS@#In animal experiments, 4-week-aged BALB/C mice were divided into 5 groups, 20 mice in each group. Mice were inguinal injected with DLBCL cell line OCI-LY19 cells 0.1 ml at the concention of 1 × 10 /ml. Two days later, mice were treated with DMDD at the doses of 0, 1, 5, 25 and 125 mg/kg by intragastric administration respectively, once /2 days. Ten mice of each group were killed on the 18th day of administration, and the tumor tissues were weighed. The survival time of the remaining mice were recorded. In cell experiments, OCI-LY19 cells were added to 96-well culture plates, 100 μl 1×10 cells/ml per well, then 100 μl DMDD was added to the well and the final concentrations were 0, 1, 5, 25 and 125 μmol/L respectively. The cells were treated with DMDD for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h, three wells in each group. The cell proliferation activity was detected by MTS assay. According to the results of cell proliferation experiments, OCI-LY19 cells were treated with DMDD at the concentrations of 0 μmol/L, 5 μmol/L and 25 μmol/L for 24 h. The apoptosis rate was analyzed by flow cytometry, the nuclear type was observed by hoechst staining, the mitochondrial membrane potential was observed by JC-1 staining, cytotoxicity of drugs was evaluated by LDH release experiment, gene expression and transcription were analyzed by qPCR and Western blot.@*RESULTS@#Compared with 0 mg/kg drug group, DMDD at the dose of 1～125 mg/kg could inhibit the growth of tumor tissue in mice and prolong their survival time (P＜0.01). Cell experiments showed: in DMDD group, the proliferation activity of OCI-LY19 cells was decreased significantly and the level of apoptosis was increased significantly (P＜0.01), nuclear fragmentation, agglutination, apoptotic bodies occurred and mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased, the LDH release rate was increased significantly (P＜0.01), the expressions of caspase-3 and bax genes and the phosphorylation level of Ikappa B alpha in cells were up-regulated significantly, the protein expression levels of bcl-2, bcl-xL, jak2 and stat3 were inhibited significantly (P＜0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#DMDD can inhibit the expressions of JAK2, STAT3 and p-Ikappa B alpha in JAK2/STAT3 and NF-kappa B signal pathways, down-regulate BCL-2/BAX and activate Caspase-3, finally, activate the endogenous pathway of mitochondrial apoptosis in OCI-LY19 cells and promote the apoptosis of DLBCL cells, inhibit proliferation of OCI-LY19 cells. It has inhibitive effects on DLBCL.

Production of flavor compounds from olive mill waste by Rhizopus oryzae and Candida tropicalis

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the production of flavor compounds from olive mill waste by microbial fermentation of Rhizopus oryzae and Candida tropicalis. Olive mill waste fermentations were performed in shake and bioreactor cultures. Production of flavor compounds from olive mill waste was followed by Gas Chromatography–Mass spectrometry, Gas chromatography- olfactometry and Spectrum Sensory Analysis ®. As a result, 1.73-log and 3.23-log cfu/mL increases were observed in the microbial populations of R. oryzae and C. tropicalis during shake cultures, respectively. C. tropicalis can produce a higher concentration of d-limonene from olive mill waste than R. oryzae in shake cultures. The concentration of d-limonene was determined as 185.56 and 249.54 µg/kg in the fermented olive mill waste by R. oryzae and C. tropicalis in shake cultures respectively. In contrast, R. oryzae can produce a higher concentration of d-limonene (87.73 µg/kg) d-limonene than C. tropicalis (11.95 µg/kg) in bioreactor cultures. Based on sensory analysis, unripe olive, wet towel, sweet aromatic, fermented aromas were determined at high intensity in olive mill waste fermented with R. oryzae meanwhile olive mill waste fermented with C. tropicalis had only a high intensity of unripe olive and oily aroma.

A quantitative analytical method for valienone and its application in the evaluation of valienone production by a breakthrough microbial process / 中国天然药物

Valienone is a significant natural carbasugar member of the C7-cyclitol family as a valuable precursor for glycosidase inhibitor drugs. It is an intermediate of validamycin A biosynthesis pathway and exhibits minimal accumulation in the fermentation broth of the natural Streptomyces producer. A quantitative analytical method is crucial for the development of a breakthrough microbial process overcoming the consumption of the natural metabolic flux. The present study was designed to develop a pre-column derivatization high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of valienone and to help establish a straightforward fermentation process for valienone production by metabolically engineered Streptomyces hygroscopicus 5008. Valienone was derivatized by 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) in 10 mmol·L HPO at 37 °C for 45 min and the derivatives were separated on Eclipse XDB-C (5 μm, 4.6 mm × 150 mm) column at 30 °C eluted with 50% acetonitrile for 18 min. The derivatives were detected by diode array detector at 380 nm and the configurations of the derivatives were determined by computational studies. The method was shown to be effective, sensitive, and reliable. Good linearity was found in the range of 5-2 000 μg·mL. The intra- and inter-day precisions were 1.1%-2.7% and 1.7%-2.2%, respectively. The absolute recovery of the spiked samples was 97.2%-102.6%. To date, this is the first reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography detection method for valienone in microbial culture medium. This method successfully helped evaluate the valienone production capability of the engineered Streptomyces hygroscopicus 5008 and could be promising for C7-cyclitol profiling of different engineered mutants combined with the metabonomics methods.

[Expression of genes 1-deoxy-d-xyhilose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase [dxr], sabinen synthase [tctpsl] and a- terpineol synthase [tctpss] and its relation to thymol and carvaerol biosynthesis in thymus vulgaris under water deficit stress]

Background: Thymol and Carvaerol are the two important secondary metabolites from Thymus vulgaris that productions of them are controlled by genetic and environmental factors

Objective: Evaluation of Water stress effects on expression of three important genes of thymol and carvacrol biosynthetic pathway and also physiological and phytochemical properties of Thymus vulgaris

Methods: The present study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments and 3 replications in Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj

For this purpose, the treatments were selected as control [FC], 70% of FC, 40% of FC, and 20% of FC. Gene expression was studied using real-time PCR method, and HPLC was applied to essence analysis. Also physiological characteristic including chlorophyll content, relative water content, electrolyte leakage percentage and carotenoids content were analyzed

Results: The results revealed that water stress significantly influenced the gene expression [P< 0.05]. The highest gene expression of DXR and TctpsS was observed in 70% of FC, while the highest one of TvTPSl was recorded in 40% of FC. Moreover, the maximum thymol and carvacrol was found in 70% of FC. In other hand the highest chlorophyll content and corotenoids content were obtained in 100% and 70% of FC respectively. Also there were not significant differences between treatments for relative water content and electrolyte leakage percentage

Conclusion: The 70% of FC through influencing of genes in the firs and last of MEP pathway increased thymol and carvacrol production

Comparison in chemical compositions of the essential oil from leaves of Lippia citriodora H.B.K. plantlets produced from micro-propagation and stem cutting

Background: Lemon verbena [Lippia citriodora H.B.K.] is an aromatic and medicinal plant of family Verbenaceae, which cultivated in the North region of Iran

Objective: This comparative study was carried out on essential oil content and composition of Lippia citriodora H.B.K. from micro-propagated and rooted apical stem cutting plantlets

Methods: The micro-propagated plantlets were obtained by use of synthetic medium condition containing basal MS medium supplemented with 1 mg.l-1 BAP, 0.5 mg.l-1 IBA, 1 g.l-1 activated charcoal, 30 g.l[-1] sucrose, and 7 g.l[-1] agars. Pre-acclimated plantlets were transferred to the research greenhouse. To determine the essential oil content and its components in two types of plantlets, leaves of L. citriodora were collected in August 2013 before flowering stage. The essential oils were extracted by Clevenger apparatus and their constituents were determined by GC-MS

Results: The results indicated that thirty-two components were determined in the stem cutting derived plantlets. The main components of stem cutting plantlets were geranial [13.81%], limonene [11.41%], spathulenol [11.22%], and neral [11.21%]. Thirty-five components were also obtained in the micro-propagated plantlets. The main components of micro-propagated plantlets were consisted of geranial [17.26%], neral [14.48%], 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one [10.75%], and limonene [8.93%]

Conclusion: In general, the essential oil content of stem cutting plantlets was higher than micro-propagated plantlets, while the number of compounds and amount of geranial and neral in stem cutting plantlets was lower than micro-propagated plantlets

effect of chronic administration of safranal on systolic blood pressure in rats

Safranal, the main component of Crocus sativus essential oil, exhibits different pharmacological activities. In this study, the effects of safranal, on blood pressure of normotensive and desoxycorticosterone acetate [DOCA]-salt induced hypertensive rats in chronic administration were investigated. Three doses of safranal [1, 2 and 4 mg/Kg/day] and spironolactone [50 mg/Kg/day] were administrated to the different groups of normotensive and hypertensive rats [at the end of 4 weeks treatment by DOCA-salt] for Five weeks. Then the effects of safranal on mean systolic blood pressure [MSBP] and heart rate [HR] were evaluated using tail cuff method. The duration of effect of safranal on SBP, was also evaluated. Our results indicated that chronic administration of safranal could reduce the MSBP in DOCA salt treated rats in a dose dependent manner. Safranal did not decrease the MSBP in normotensive rats. The data also showed that antihypertensive effects of safranal did not persist. In summary, our results showed that safranal exhibits antihypertensive and normalizing effect on BP in chronic administration

Antibacterial activity of α-terpineol may induce morphostructural alterations in Escherichia coli

The antibacterial effect of α-terpineol from Cinnamomum longepaniculatum (Gamble) N. Chao leaf essential oils were studied with special reference to the mechanism of inhibiting the standard strain of Escherichia coli (CMCC (B) 44102) growth at ultrastructural level. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time-kill curves of α-terpineol were determined; Escherichia coli was treated with α-terpineol and observed under a transmission electron microscope. The MIC and MBC values of α-terpineol were all 0.78 µL/mL, and time-kill curves showed the concentration-dependent. Under the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Escherichia coli exposed to MIC levels of α-terpineol exhibited decreased cell size and irregular cell shape, cell wall and cell membrane were ruptured, nucleus cytoplasm was reduced and nuclear area gathered aside. Results suggest that α-terpineol has excellent antibacterial activity and could induce morphological changes of Escherichia coli.

La perspectiva de género y los profesionales de la salud: apuntes desde la salud colectiva brasileña / The gender perspective and health professionals: notes from the Brazilian collective health field

Para analizar la incorporación del género al campo de la salud, consideramos la producción científica, las políticas y programas de salud, además de las prácticas profesionales en el cotidiano de los servicios. Estos distintos planos de abordaje resultan necesarios por las diversas posibilidades que cada uno de ellos presenta ante dicha incorporación. En la producción científica, se identifica el crecimiento de la perspectiva de género, pero con baja inscripción metodológica del concepto; en las políticas y programas de salud, una ausencia de transversalidad y una presencia de inestabilidad temporal; y, en las prácticas profesionales, una incorporación más anclada en saberes prácticos que en la dimensión técnico-científica. El conjunto de las dificultades genera distintas tensiones en el desempeño cotidiano de los profesionales, entre la base científico-tecnológica y la base moral de la intervención.

We examine the incorporation of the gender perspective in the health field, considering scientific production, health policies and programs and everyday professional practices within the health services. These distinct layers are necessary given the different possibilities each presents for the incorporation of gender. In scientific production, we identify increasing inclusion of the gender perspective, but with little methodological use of the concept; in health policies and programs, the incorporation of the gender perspective is not comprehensive and varies temporally; and in professional practices, incorporation is anchored more in practical knowledge than in a technical and scientific basis. In the daily work of health professionals, this set of difficulties generates different tensions regarding the scientific and technological basis and the moral basis for intervention.

Women survivors of intimate partner violence: the difficult transition to independence / Mujeres supervivientes de la violencia ejercida por sus parejas: la difícil transición hacia la autonomía / Mulheres sobreviventes de violência exercida por parceiros íntimos – a difícil transição para a autonomia

Objective To understand the trajectories that women go through from entering into to leaving relationships involving intimate partner violence (IPV), and identify the stages of the transition process. Method We utilized a constructivist paradigm based on grounded theory. We ensured that the ethical guidelines of the World Health Organization for research on domestic violence were followed. The analysis focused on narratives of 28 women survivors of IPV, obtained from in-depth interviews. Results The results showed that the trajectories experienced by women were marked by gender issues, (self) silencing, hope and suffering, which continued after the end of the IPV. Conclusion The transition process consists of four stages: entry - falls in love and becomes trapped; maintenance - silences own self, consents and remains in the relationship; decides to leave - faces the problems and struggles to be rescued; (re) balance - (re) finds herself with a new life. This (long) process was developed by wanting (and being able to have) self-determination. .

Objetivo Conhecer as trajetórias que as mulheres percorrem desde a entrada até à saída de relações de violência exercida por parceiros íntimos (VPI), e identificar as fases do processo de transição. Método Utilizou-se um paradigma construtivista com recurso à grounded theory. Salvaguardaram-se as orientações éticas da OMS em matéria de investigação sobre violência doméstica. A análise centrou-se em narrativas de 28 mulheres sobreviventes de VPI, obtidas em entrevistas em profundidade. Resultados Referem que as trajetórias percorridas pelas mulheres foram atravessadas por questões de género, (auto)silenciamento, esperança e sofrimento, o que ultrapassou o fim da VPI. Conclusión O processo de transição é constituído por quatro fases: entrada - enamora-se e fica aprisionada; manutenção - auto-silencia-se, consente e permanece na relação; decisão de saída - enfrenta o problema e luta pelo resgate; (re)equilíbrio - (re)encontra-se com uma nova vida. Este (longo) processo foi atravessado por querer (e poder) autodeterminar-se. .

Objetivo Conhecer as trajetórias que as mulheres percorrem desde a entrada até à saída de relações de violência exercida por parceiros íntimos (VPI), e identificar as fases do processo de transição. Método Utilizou-se um paradigma construtivista com recurso à grounded theory. Salvaguardaram-se as orientações éticas da OMS em matéria de investigação sobre violência doméstica. A análise centrou-se em narrativas de 28 mulheres sobreviventes de VPI, obtidas em entrevistas em profundidade. Resultados Referem que as trajetórias percorridas pelas mulheres foram atravessadas por questões de género, (auto)silenciamento, esperança e sofrimento, o que ultrapassou o fim da VPI. Conclusão O processo de transição é constituído por quatro fases: entrada - enamora-se e fica aprisionada; manutenção - auto-silencia-se, consente e permanece na relação; decisão de saída - enfrenta o problema e luta pelo resgate; (re)equilíbrio - (re)encontra-se com uma nova vida. Este (longo) processo foi atravessado por querer (e poder) autodeterminar-se. .

Bioconversion of R-(+)-limonene to perillic acid by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica

Perillyl derivatives are increasingly important due to their flavouring and antimicrobial properties as well as their potential as anticancer agents. These terpenoid species, which are present in limited amounts in plants, may be obtained via bioconversion of selected monoterpene hydrocarbons. In this study, seventeen yeast strains were screened for their ability to oxidize the exocyclic methyl group in the p-menthene moiety of limonene into perillic acid. Of the yeast tested, the highest efficiency was observed for Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC 18942. The conversion of R (+)-limonene by Y. lipolytica was evaluated by varying the pH (3 to 8) and the temperature (25 to 30 ºC) in a reaction medium containing 0.5% v/v limonene and 10 gµL of stationary phase cells (dry weight). The best results, corresponding to 564 mgµL of perillic acid, were obtained in buffered medium at pH 7.1 that was incubated at 25 ºC for 48 h. The stepwise addition of limonene increased the perillic acid concentration by over 50%, reaching 855 mgµL, whereas the addition of glucose or surfactant to the reaction medium did not improve the bioconversion process. The use of Y. lipolytica showed promise for ease of further downstream processing, as perillic acid was the sole oxidised product of the bioconversion reaction. Moreover, bioprocesses using safe and easy to cultivate yeast cells have been favoured in industry.

Antimicrobial Effects of Linalool and alpha-Terpineol against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Korean

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the important causative microbes for nosocomial infection and has been isolated from the dental environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of linalool and alpha-terpineol against MRSA isolates from a Korean population. In the experiments, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of these two compounds against 18 strains of MRSA. The data revealed that the MIC90/MBC90 values of linalool and alpha-terpineol against MRSA were >12.8 mg/ml and 6.4 mg/ml, respectively. These results indicate that alpha-terpineol has more potent antimicrobial activity against MRSA than linalool and may have utility as an anti-MRSA cleansing agent for dental instruments and dental unit chairs.

Bait formulations of molluscicides and their effects on biochemical changes in the ovotestis of snail Lymnaea acuminata (Mollusca; Gastropoda:Lymnaeidae) / Formulações de iscas de moluscicidas e seus efeitos sobre as alterações bioquímicas no ovoteste do caramujo Lymnaea acuminata (Mollusca;Gastropoda:Lymnaeidae)

The effect of sub-lethal feeding of bait formulations containing molluscicidal component of Ferula asafoetida (ferulic acid, umbelliferone), Syzygium aromaticum (eugenol) and Carum carvi (limonene) on biochemical changes in the ovotestis of snail Lymnaea acuminata were studied. Bait formulations feeding to L. acuminata were studied in clear glass aquaria having diameter of 30 cm. Baits were prepared from different binary combinations of attractant amino acid (valine, aspartic acid, lysine and alanine 10 mM) in 100 mL of 2 percent agar solution + sub-lethal (20 percent and 60 percent of 24h LC50) doses of different molluscicides (ferulic acid, umbelliferone, eugenol and limonene). These baits caused maximum significant reduction in free amino acid, protein, DNA, RNA levels i.e. 41.37, 23.56, 48.36 and 14.29 percent of control in the ovotestis of the snail, respectively. Discontinuation of feeding after treatment of 60 percent of 96h LC50 of molluscicide containing bait for next 72h caused a significant recovery in free amino acid, protein, DNA and RNA levels in the ovotestis of L. acuminata.

Foi estudado o efeito subletal das iscas usadas para alimentação contendo componentes moluscicidas de Ferula asafoetida (ácido ferúlico, umbeliferone), Syzygium aromaticum (eugenol) e Carum carvi (limonene) nas alterações bioquímicas do ovoteste do caramujo Lymnaea acuminata. A formulação das iscas usadas para alimentar L. acuminata foi estudada em aquários de vidros transparentes de diâmetro de 30 cm. As iscas foram preparadas por combinações diferentes binárias de aminoácidos (valina, ácido aspártico, lisina e alanina 10 mM) em 100 mL de solução de agar a 2 por cento + doses subletais (20 por cento e 60 por cento durante 24 horas LC50) de diferentes moluscicidas (ácido ferúlico, umbeliferone, eugenol e limonene). Estas iscas causaram redução significante máxima em aminoácidos livres, proteínas, níveis de DNA e RNA isto é 41,37 por cento, 23,56 por cento, 48,36 por cento e 14,29 por cento de controle no ovoteste do caramujo, respectivamente. Discontinuação da alimentação depois do tratamento de 60 por cento de 96 horas de LC50 do moluscicida contendo a isca para as subsequentes 72 horas causou significante recuperação dos níveis de aminoácidos livres, proteína, DNA e RNA no ovoteste da L. acuminata.

Clinical observation of mucoregulatory agents' application after chronic rhinosinusitis surgery / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effect of mucoregulatory agents during endoscopic sinus surgery.@*METHOD@#Ninety-seven cases with chronic rhinosinusitis were randomly divided into three groups, with 31 cases in B group treated by ambroxol, 33 cases in C group treated by eucalyptol-limonene-pinene enteric soft capsule and 33 cases in control group (A group). The follow-up visit lasted for 6 months for three groups. Then, the therapeutic effects were evaluated and compared among these three groups.@*RESULT@#By the end of 6 months after treatment,the effective rate was 90.3% and 97.0% for cases in the B and C groups respectively, and only 75.8% in A group. The difference between A and C was statistically significant (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Eucalyptol-limonene-pinene enteric soft capsule,as a multicomponent mucoregulatory agent, can obviously improve the secretion of mucosa and epithelial recovery, thus accelerate healing of the disease. It can also improve the success rate of functional endoscope sinus surgery, and may play a promising role in clinical application.

Gastroprotective activity of alpha-terpineol in two experimental models of gastric ulcer in rats

Several plant essential oils, as well as terpenes present in essential oils, have shown gastroprotective activity. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of alpha-terpineol, a monoterpene alcohol which is present in essential oils of various plants. The gastroprotective activity of alpha-terpineol was evaluated in rats by assessing the changes in ethanol and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer scores and on gastric secretory volume and total acidity in pylorus-ligated rats. Alpha-terpineol was administrated orally at the doses of 10, 30, and 50 mg/kg one hour before administration of the ulcer inducing agents by the pylorus ligation procedure. The involvement of endogenous prostaglandins in the protective effect of alpha-terpineol in ethanol-induced gastric lesions test was assessed by administration of indomethacin [10 mg/kg, s.c.] 30 min before oral administration of alpha-terpineol at the dose of 50 mg/kg. alpha-terpineol presented gastroprotective activity against ethanol-induced ulcers at the doses of 10, 30, and 50 mg/kg. Epoxy-carvone at the dose of 10 mg/kg did not present gastroprotective activity against ulcer induced by indomethacin, but at the doses of 30 and 50 mg/kg it attenuated the gastric damages induced by this agent significantly. Pretreatment with indomethacin did not prevent the gastroprotective effect of alpha-terpineol on ethanol-induced ulcers. Alpha-terpineol also did not affect the gastric secretion in pylorus-ligated rats. The results suggest that alpha-terpineol presents gastroprotective action which does not involve either an increase in the synthesis of endogenous prostaglandin or a decrease in the gastric acid secretion

In vitro Antifungal Activity of Limonene against Trichophyton rubrum

In this study, the antifungal activities of limonene against Trichophyton rubrum were evaluated via broth microdilution and vapor contact assays. In both assays, limonene was shown to exert a potent antifungal effect against T. rubrum. The volatile vapor of limonene at concentrations above 1 microl/800 ml air space strongly inhibited the growth of T. rubrum. The MIC value was 0.5% v/v in the broth microdilution assay. The antifungal activity of limonene against T. rubrum was characterized as a fungicidal effect.

[ effect of chemical and bio-fertilizer source of nitrogen on qualitative and quantitative yield of saffron [crocus sativus L.]]

Biofertilizers are an alternative to mineral fertilizers for increasing soil productivity and plant growth in sustainable agriculture. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the effects of biofertilizers on valuable medicinal plants such as saffron. To determine the effects of chemical and bio-fertilizer nitrogen on quantitative yield and some quality components of saffron [Crocus sativus L.]. This study has been conducted in Absard region, north of Tehran, Iran along 2006-2008 in a randomized complete block design with three replications and four fertilizer treatments. The treatments were n1 [Control or no applying nitrogen fertilizer], n2 [150 kg/ha nitrogen as urea], n3 [5 kg/ha bio-fertilizer as Nitroxine] and n4 [a mixture of 2.5 kg/ha bio-fertilizer as Nitroxine + 75 kg/ha nitrogen as urea]. The results showed that fertilizer treatments had significant effects [p<0.01] on fresh stigma and style length, leaf length, leaf number, saffron yield [dry weight of stigma and style], and content of Safranal, Crocine and Picrocrocine. Although the maximum yield of stigma and style were obtained in n2 treatment [150 kg/ha nitrogen] and n4 [a mixture of 2.5 kg/ha bio-fertilizer as Nitroxine + 75 kg/ha nitrogen as urea], the application of bio-fertilizer [n3] increased the saffron yield about 0.83% more than control treatment. However, n3 [5 kg/ha bio-fertilizer as Nitroxine] was the best treatment in respect of safranal and picrocrocine content. Also, the maximum content of crocine was obtained in n4 [a mixture of 2.5 kg/ha bio-fertilizer as Nitroxine + 75 kg/ha nitrogen as urea]. Application of the chemical/bio- fertilizer increased qualitative and quantitative Yield yield of saffron. Also, the application of nitroxine can be in order to reduction in application of nitrogen fertilizer in agro-ecosystem which is attitude toward the minimize of environmental pollution and sustainable agriculture

Synthesis of limonene β-amino alcohol derivatives in support of new antileishmanial therapies

A series of seven limonene β-amino alcohol derivatives has been regioselectively synthesised in moderate to good yields. Two of these compounds were found to be significantly effective against in vitro cultures of the Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigote form in the micromolar range. The activities found for 3b and 3f were about 100-fold more potent than the standard drug, Pentamidine, in the same test, while limonene did not display any activity. This is the first report of antileishmanial activity by limonene β-amino alcohol derivatives.

Studies on chemical constituents and volatile oil of Xiaochengqi decoction / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents and volatile oil of Xiaochengqi decoction.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The constituents in decoction were separated by means of column chromatography and their structures were identified by spectral data and compared with literature data. As well as the volatile oil of Xiaochengqi Fang were analyzed and identified by GC-MS.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as chrysophanol (1), physcion (2), magnolol (3), beta-sitosterol (4), sitosterol trans-cinnamic acid (5), emodin (6), aloe emodin (7), rhein (8), gallic acid (9), chrysophanol-8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (10), aurantiamarin (11). The volatile oils extracted with steam distillation from Xiaochengqi were identified 67 components, and the main components are including.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>All of the eleven compounds were isolated from Xiaochengqi decoction for the first time and the study on their activities in Chinese prescription is being carried out. D-limonene (42.61%), p-cymene (16.43%), and 8-terpinene (14.46%).</p>

Inhibition of helicobacter pylori growth in vitro by saffron [Crocus sativus L.]

Anti-Helicobacter pylori effects of saffron [Crocus sativus L., lridacea] and its major constituents, crocin and saftanal, were evaluated. Macerated aqueous and methanol extracts tested against 45 clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori, using paper disc diffusion method [DDM] on modified egg yolk emulsion agar [EYE agar]. Four antibiotics also tested against all isolates as positive control. Although there were small differences in sensitivity among the isolates tested, but all isolates were susceptible to methanol and aqueous extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations [MIC] of methanol extract, crocin and saftanal measured as 677, 26.5 and 16.6 mg/ml, respectively, using agar dilution method. The results showed that high temperature did not have any effect on the activity of extracts, crocin and saftanal. The effect of pH on the activity of methanol extract indicated no significant difference at pH 5 to 8, in comparison with the control. The results indicated that saffion has a moderate anti-Helicobacter activity

Analysis of constituents of essential oils from fresh and dried pericarp of citrus sinensis by GC-MS / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze and compare the constituents of the essential oils from the fresh and dried pericarps of Citrus sinensis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The essential oils from the fresh and dried pericarps of C. sinensis were extracted by water steam distillation method and analyzed by GC-MS.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>28 and 25 components were identified from the essential oils of the fresh and dried pericarps of C. sinensis respectively, 37 components were identified from both samples totally, among which 26 components were identified in the essential oils of the pericarps of C. sinensis for the first time.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The most components in both oil samples were similar and main component of the both oils was limonene (90. 16% and 77. 34%).</p>